Electromotive force (emf) is the work done per unit charge by any non-conservative forces (chemical reactions inside a battery, or the induced electric field from a changing magnetic flux) that drive current around a closed circuit. Emf is analogous to the mechanical work done by a pump, which creates a pressure difference (analogous to voltage) to cause water to flow even without a height difference.
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Text and image retrieved from the Hive blockchain on September 23, 2026.